경제용어(3)-Economic terminolgy with hanja(3)

경제용어(3)-중상주의(mercantilism, 重商主義)

중상주의(重商主義)

 자본주의의 초기 단계인 상업 자본주의가 형성되는 시기에 금, 은과 같은 귀금속으로 측정되는 국가의 부는 생산 과정이 아니라 무역을 중심으로 한 상업에서 창출된다고 본 경제 사상을 말한다.  국가를 부강하게 하는 지름길은 정부의 지원 하에 수출을 장려하고 수입을 억제하는 강력한 보호 무역 주의로 무역 수지를 극대화하는 것으로 보았다. (아담스미스의 국부록과 반대되는 이론)
 봉건제가 붕괴하고 절대왕정이 성립한 뒤 산업자본이 국정을 지배하게 되는 명예혁명(1688) 때부터 약 100년 사이에 걸쳐 원시적 축적의 체제로서 추진되어 온 정책.

 

중상중의(mercantilism)

Economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism. Opposed by Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations. 

 

重*무거울 중(里-9획, 7급)

1) 重자가 원래는 땅위에 중후한 자세로 우뚝 서 있는 사람의 모습을 그린 壬(임/정)이 의미, 발음요소인 東(동)이 결합된 것. ‘두껍다’(thick)가 본뜻, ‘무겁다’(heavy)는 뜻일 때에는 장음인 [중:]으로 읽고, ‘겹치다’(overlap)는 뜻일 때에는 단음인 [중]으로 읽는다.

2) 무거울 중(重)자의 상형문자를 보면 사람 인(亻)자와 함께 동녘 동(東)자가 들어 있음. 동녘 동(東)자는 아래 위를 묶은 자루의 상형으로 사람이 무거운 짐을 지게 하는 데에서 "무겁다"라는 의미가 유래. 동녘 동(東)자는 소리로의 역할도 하고 있음.

3) 壬(땅에서 꿰져나올 정)+東(동녘 동). 음은 東(동)의 변음이다. ‘두텁다’의 뜻에서 ‘무겁다’의 뜻으로 바뀌었다. 

4) 土(흙토)+臿(삽삽), 땅흙(土)에서 삽(臿)으로 뜨면 ‘무거운’것인데 그것은 반드시 ‘거듭’ 뜨게 된다. 重裝備(중장비) 重刑(중형) 重量(중량) 二重(이중) 重疊(중첩)

5) 東 # (run through) + a person standing on the ground → the *weight* of a person thrusting down heavily on the earth, as though to run through it → *heavy*; *pile up*; *be piled upon*. Extended meanings include *fold*, *ply*, *occur simultaneously*, *do repeatedly* and *place weight on/attach importance to* → *value highly*; *importance*; *important*. Also, *depressing* and *serious* (← heaviness/weightiness).

 

商*장사 상(口-11, 6급) 

1) 商자의 갑골문은 어떤 건축물 형상인데 그 뜻풀이에 대하여는 정설이 없다. ‘헤아리다’(consider) ‘장사하다’(trade in) ‘의논하다’(consult with) 등을 나타내는 것으로 쓰임. 

2) 문명이 발달한 상(商) 나라에 높은 건물이 많아 상(商) 나라로 불렀고, 상나라 사람이 최초로 장사를 해서 장사라는 의미도 생김. 

3) 밝을 경(冏)+설 립(立의 획 생략)  밝은冏) 곳에 서있는(立의 획 생략) 사람이 잘 본다> 헤아리다 

4) 章 (rise) + a tall platform (compare 堂) → tall platform (rising particularly high) → *trade*; *commerce*; *business*; *merchant* (← people of China's high plateaus noted for their mercantile skills, who referred to themselves as 商) → *deal in*; *compare* (← compare goods in conducting trade/business)

 

主*주인 주(丶-5, 7급) 

1) 主의 본래 글자는 ‘심지’(wick)를 뜻하기 위하여 호롱불의 심지 모양을 본뜬 ‘丶’(주)였다. 후에 받침대 모양이 첨가된 主자로 바뀌어 ‘주인’(owner) ‘주로’(chiefly) 같은 뜻으로 차용되는 예가 많아지자 본래 뜻은 ‘불 화’(火)를 첨가한 炷(심지 주) 자를 따로 만들어 나타냄. 

2) 丶+王, 임금(王)은 그 국가의 ‘주인’이기 때문에 점(丶)을 위에 찍은 것이다. 모든 정사를 주동하는 것이니 객체에 대한 주체인 것이다. 音은 ‘丶(주)’이다. 君主(군주) 主人(주인) 地主(지주) 主張(주장) 主宰(주재) 神主(신주) 祭主(제주) 戶主(호주) 主體(주체) 主觀(주관) 公主(공주) 

3) 등잔 모양(王) 위에 불꽃(')이 있는 모습을 본떠 만든 상형문자. 집의 등잔불을 관리하는 사람이 주인이라서 주인 주(主)자가 됨. 도끼 모양을 본떠 만든 글자인 왕(王) 자와 전혀 상관없음.  

4)丶 # lamplight + a massive lamp stand → lamp stand giving off light (compare 灯). Conceptually, 主 represents a stationary object, leading to the meanings *master*, *owner* and *leader* (←person who remains in a certain place) → *main*; *principal* (← main person ← master; owner; leader). Also, *god* (← master).

 

義*옳을 의(羊-13, 5급)

1) 義자는 ‘톱날 모양의 날이 있는 의장용 무기’(我․아)에 양(羊) 뿔 모양의 장식이 달려있는 것으로 ‘위엄’(dignity)을 뜻하였고, 후에 ‘옳다’(righteous) ‘의롭다’(rightful) ‘의미’(meaning) 등으로 확대 사용.

2) 양 양(羊) + 나 아(我) 옳을 의(義)자의 상형문자를 보면, 도끼날이 달린 창의 모습인 아(我)자에 장식용 양의 뿔(혹은 새의 깃)의 모습인 양(羊)자가 달려 있음. 즉 의장용으로 사용하던 창의 모양. 나중에 "옳다"는 의미로 사용되자, 원래의 뜻을 보존하기 위해 사람 인(亻)자를 붙여 격식 의儀)자가 생김.
→견리사의(見:볼 견 利:이로울 리 思:생각할 사 義:옳을 의) : 이익을 보면 의리에 합당한가를 먼저 생각해야 함. 

3) 羊(양양)+我(나아), 羊처럼 내(我)가 전체의 공도로만 행동하는 것은 ‘옳은 의리’이다. 羊은 ‘좋은, 착한’ 등의 뜻이 있다. 音은 我의 변음이나, 誼(옳을의)와 意(뜻의)로도 통한다. 正義(정의) 義理(의리) 意義(의의)

4)  我 # (bladed weapon) + 羊 sheep → use a bladed weapon to sacrifice a sheep in a ceremony → *honor*; *justice*; *meaning*.